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GIBBS FREE ENERGY

Van Scott Fulton -

Gibbs Free Energy

Definition:Gibbs free energy (G), named after the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, is a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work that can be done by a system at constant temperature (T) and pressure (P). It is particularly useful for understanding and predicting whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously under these conditions.

Mathematical Expression:The Gibbs free energy is mathematically defined as:

�=�−��G=H−TS

Where:

  • G is the Gibbs free energy.
  • H is the enthalpy of the system (the total heat content).
  • T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
  • S is the entropy of the system (a measure of disorder or randomness).

Explanation:

  1. Enthalpy (H): Enthalpy represents the total internal energy of a system, including both the internal energy (U) and the pressure-volume work (PV). It is a measure of the heat content of a system. When a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) corresponds to the heat gained or lost by the system.
  2. Entropy (S): Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. It quantifies the number of possible microscopic arrangements of particles in a system. In thermodynamics, it is often associated with the concept of the dispersal of energy or the tendency of systems to move toward a state of higher entropy.
  3. Temperature (T): Temperature is an absolute measure of thermal energy. In the context of Gibbs free energy, it should be expressed in Kelvin.

Significance of Gibbs Free Energy:

The key concept related to Gibbs free energy is spontaneity. A chemical process or reaction will be spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative:

Δ�<0ΔG<0

In this case:

  • If ΔG is significantly negative, the reaction is spontaneous and exergonic, meaning it releases energy. The system tends to move towards a more stable state.
  • If ΔG is significantly positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and endergonic, meaning it absorbs energy. The system does not tend to occur naturally in this direction.
  • If ΔG is close to zero, the system is at equilibrium, and there is no net change in the system.
GIBBS FREE ENERGY

In summary, Gibbs free energy is a crucial thermodynamic parameter that helps us understand the spontaneity and direction of chemical processes under constant temperature and pressure conditions. It tells us whether a reaction will proceed naturally or if it requires external energy input to occur.

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