GIBBS FREE ENERGY
Gibbs Free Energy
Definition:Gibbs free energy (G), named after the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, is a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work that can be done by a system at constant temperature (T) and pressure (P). It is particularly useful for understanding and predicting whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously under these conditions.
Mathematical Expression:The Gibbs free energy is mathematically defined as:
�=�−��G=H−TS
Where:
- G is the Gibbs free energy.
- H is the enthalpy of the system (the total heat content).
- T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
- S is the entropy of the system (a measure of disorder or randomness).
Explanation:
- Enthalpy (H): Enthalpy represents the total internal energy of a system, including both the internal energy (U) and the pressure-volume work (PV). It is a measure of the heat content of a system. When a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) corresponds to the heat gained or lost by the system.
- Entropy (S): Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. It quantifies the number of possible microscopic arrangements of particles in a system. In thermodynamics, it is often associated with the concept of the dispersal of energy or the tendency of systems to move toward a state of higher entropy.
- Temperature (T): Temperature is an absolute measure of thermal energy. In the context of Gibbs free energy, it should be expressed in Kelvin.
Significance of Gibbs Free Energy:
The key concept related to Gibbs free energy is spontaneity. A chemical process or reaction will be spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative:
Δ�<0ΔG<0
In this case:
- If ΔG is significantly negative, the reaction is spontaneous and exergonic, meaning it releases energy. The system tends to move towards a more stable state.
- If ΔG is significantly positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and endergonic, meaning it absorbs energy. The system does not tend to occur naturally in this direction.
- If ΔG is close to zero, the system is at equilibrium, and there is no net change in the system.
In summary, Gibbs free energy is a crucial thermodynamic parameter that helps us understand the spontaneity and direction of chemical processes under constant temperature and pressure conditions. It tells us whether a reaction will proceed naturally or if it requires external energy input to occur.
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